You begin to salivate less and less when you hear the music, until by the end of the week, your mouth no longer waters when you hear the tune. This illustrates extinction. The conditioned response weakens when only the conditioned stimulus the sound of the truck is presented, without being followed by the unconditioned stimulus chocolate ice cream in the mouth.
Then the weekend comes. Monday morning arrives and you take your usual route to campus. You round the corner and hear the truck again. What do you think happens? Your mouth begins to water again. After a break from conditioning, the conditioned response reappears, which indicates spontaneous recovery.
Acquisition and extinction involve the strengthening and weakening, respectively, of a learned association. Two other learning processes—stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization—are involved in distinguishing which stimuli will trigger the learned association. Animals including humans need to distinguish between stimuli—for example, between sounds that predict a threatening event and sounds that do not—so that they can respond appropriately such as running away if the sound is threatening.
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called stimulus discrimination. In classical conditioning terms, the organism demonstrates the conditioned response only to the conditioned stimulus.
Similarly, Tiger, the cat, discriminated between the sound of the can opener and the sound of the electric mixer. When the electric mixer is going, Tiger is not about to be fed, so she does not come running to the kitchen looking for food. On the other hand, when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is called stimulus generalization , the opposite of stimulus discrimination.
The more similar a stimulus is to the condition stimulus, the more likely the organism is to give the conditioned response. For instance, if the electric mixer sounds very similar to the electric can opener, Tiger may come running after hearing its sound. But if you do not feed her following the electric mixer sound, and you continue to feed her consistently after the electric can opener sound, she will quickly learn to discriminate between the two sounds provided they are sufficiently dissimilar that she can tell them apart.
Sometimes, classical conditioning can lead to habituation. Habituation occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change. As the stimulus occurs over and over, we learn not to focus our attention on it. For example, imagine that your neighbor or roommate constantly has the television blaring. However, over time, you become accustomed to the stimulus of the television noise, and eventually you hardly notice it any longer.
John B. Watson , shown in [link] , is considered the founder of behaviorism. In stark contrast with Freud, who considered the reasons for behavior to be hidden in the unconscious, Watson championed the idea that all behavior can be studied as a simple stimulus-response reaction, without regard for internal processes.
Watson argued that in order for psychology to become a legitimate science, it must shift its concern away from internal mental processes because mental processes cannot be seen or measured. Instead, he asserted that psychology must focus on outward observable behavior that can be measured. Watson used the principles of classical conditioning in the study of human emotion. According to Watson, human behavior, just like animal behavior, is primarily the result of conditioned responses.
Through their experiments with Little Albert, Watson and Rayner demonstrated how fears can be conditioned. In , Watson was the chair of the psychology department at Johns Hopkins University. Watson offered her a dollar to allow her son to be the subject of his experiments in classical conditioning. Through these experiments, Little Albert was exposed to and conditioned to fear certain things. Initially he was presented with various neutral stimuli, including a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, masks, cotton wool, and a white rat.
He was not afraid of any of these things. Then Watson, with the help of Rayner, conditioned Little Albert to associate these stimuli with an emotion—fear. Little Albert was frightened by the sound—demonstrating a reflexive fear of sudden loud noises—and began to cry. Watson repeatedly paired the loud sound with the white rat.
Soon Little Albert became frightened by the white rat alone. Days later, Little Albert demonstrated stimulus generalization—he became afraid of other furry things: a rabbit, a furry coat, and even a Santa Claus mask [link].
In classical conditioning the reinforcement or unconditional stimulus occurs whether or not the targeted response is made. Pavlov and Skinner were two psychologists who pioneered the ideas of conditioning, contributing greatly to behavior theory and helping to develop new ideas and techniques for training and changing behavior. Skinner, on the other hand, dealt with conscious behaviors and decisive actions of individuals.
You learn by association in classical conditioning and by reinforcement or punishment in operant conditioning. Also, classical conditioning always works with involuntary responses, while operant conditioning works with voluntary behaviors. Deciding to take an antacid before you indulge in a spicy meal is an example of negative reinforcement.
The first stage is understandably, before conditioning. This stage is when an unconditioned stimulus in the environment produces an unconditioned response.
The second stage is during conditioning and this is when the unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. The third stage is after conditioning and this is basically that the conditioned stimulus has been established and is connected to the conditioned response.
There are many familiar occasions that we can relate to classical conditioning. A specific one I can think of has to do with my cat. Every time I shake her bag of treats she comes running to me.
Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Acquisition refers to the first stages of learning when a response is established.
In classical conditioning , it refers to the period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response. Consider Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs. By associating the presentation of food with the sound of a tone, Pavlov was able to condition the dogs to salivate to the sound. The phase in which the dogs began to salivate to the sound is the acquisition period. How does acquisition occur? In classical conditioning, repeated pairings of the conditioned stimulus CS and the unconditioned stimulus UCS eventually lead to acquisition.
Remember, the unconditioned stimulus is one that naturally evokes the unconditioned response UCR. During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are repeatedly paired to create an association. Multiple pairings are required, but the number of trials needed can vary depending on what is being learned. This type of learning will likely occur much more quickly since the animal may already be primed to form such an association.
As a result, the acquisition will happen much faster than if you are teaching your dog to play dead. The strength of the conditioned response will continue to increase up to a certain point before it begins to level off.
0コメント