Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity. Get started. Connect Vocabulary. After finally receiving a clerk position, Ruth Bader Ginsburg decided to go into academia. As a professor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg discovered she was paid less than the male professors. She was part of a movement which resulted in higher salaries for all of the complaints. Ruth Bader Ginsburg felt that all people were equal, including men.
She argued cases in which men were discriminated against, as well. Breonna Taylor was a 23 year woman that lived in Louisville, KY. This young lady was murdered in her bed as result of a no-knock warrant. By all accounts, the police officers entered this dwelling based on faulty information. These ladies spirits intersected due to the actions of men after their deaths, in the same week.
Sexism, classism and racism have convoluted the facts and standard practices to legally and respectfully honor these ladies. Ruth Bader Ginsburg had always experienced sexism. Although she was the top of class in Harvard and Columbia Law School; she was never valued.
It took another man to speak on her behalf, so she could obtain a job as a clerk for a Supreme Court Judge. Because consequentialism tends to focus on the impact of an action on persons other than the actor, in general it is a variety of altruism rather than egoism. Because of their disdain for worldly concerns, the Cynics were critical of conventional morality and the rest of society, almost to the point of misanthropy. Such deconstruction consists of asserting a personally or communally relative interpretation usually focused on power relations or class conflict in society without claiming that any text or interpretation has objective truth or meaning.
Deconstructionism is a specific kind of postmodernism, and leans heavily toward subjectivism or even nihilism. According to deism, God is not involved in the day-to-day workings of the universe and there are no miracles. Historically, deism was a kind of way station between the theism of the Middle Ages and the agnosticism or outright atheism of modern times.
Kantianism is the prime example of a deontological theory. Deontologism is usually contrasted with teleologism an emphasis on goals and consequentialism an emphasis on results , but sometimes is also contrasted with egoism and eudaimonism an emphasis on personal happiness or fulfillment as opposed to conformance with moral imperatives. In practice, deontologism is often closely allied with ethical intuitionism.
English philosopher David Hume and Italian political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli are often characterized as descriptivists. The opposing view is prescriptivism. Determinists are usually adherents of materialism, although some social or economic determinists are more influenced by Marxism than by the advance of physics, chemistry, and biology.
In popular usage, determinism has connotations of fatalism. In more technical discussions, determinism is sometimes called necessitarianism, in opposition to metaphysical libertarianism. The dialectical aspect derives from Hegelianism, which holds that history proceeds in something like the stages of a conversation, with each stage overcoming the previous stages and therefore coming closer to finally attained unity or truth.
Thus dialectical materialism posits that history progresses in stages that are based solely on ownership of the means of production: i. The opposite approach is probably best characterized as rationalism in the sense of a dedication to clear reasoning and independent thinking , syncretism, eclecticism, or even skepticism. The first influential dualist theory in Western philosophy was Platonism, since Plato claimed that there are two different realities: the physical world of appearances and the higher world of intelligible forms, ideas, or essences.
These ideas were extended by neo-Platonism and assimilated by Christianity. While dualism was influential throughout the Christian era, it received renewed impetus from Descartes, who held that reality is made up exclusively of spirit and matter, and that these two substances can never meet or interact — except in the human soul this view gave rise to the modern mind-body dichotomy. Aristotelianism, by contrast, generally holds that mind and body are not two distinct substances but two aspects of a complete human person cf.
Even though dualism is a kind of metaphysical pluralism and is opposed by monism, practically speaking dualists often emphasize the higher, more spiritual reality, so that they can be construed as adherents of idealism or transcendentalism.
Dynamism is often augmented by the notion that much of the stability we perceive is illusory and that everything is constantly changing or in flux — sometimes called a Heraclitean view of the universe, after the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus c.
The term is often applied in a negative way, implying a lack of philosophical consistency or of any interest in systematic thinking. A related but more positive term is syncretism. Egalitarians emphasize equality of results, rather than equality of opportunity or equality before the law ideas usually associated with classical liberalism or political libertarianism.
In practice, egalitarian policies attempt to bring about the equal distribution of wealth, sometimes verging on socialism. Essentially, another word for individualism. The term egoism is used more frequently in philosophy than the term egotism, which in common usage implies an utter disregard for other people whereas a broad notion of egoism could include regard for friends, family, etc. In general, empiricism emphasizes induction over deduction and reality over theory — as, for instance, in the essays of Francis Bacon More specifically, the school of empiricism in the 17th and 18th centuries reacted against the excesses of medieval scholasticism and rationalism by formulating a more systematic grounding for empirical knowledge.
The founder of that school was John Locke , whose epistemology tended towards representationalism rather than realism, leading eventually to the skepticism of David Hume By empiricism is sometimes meant more narrowly a focus on scientific experiment; however, a more appropriate term for that view is scientism or experimentalism. Epicurus held that true pleasure consists in the absence of all bodily pains and mental disturbances, a condition he claimed could be easily achieved through moderation, friendship, and the pursuit of wisdom.
While Epicureanism was more individualistic than the competing school of Stoicism, its view of happiness was less activist than that of Aristotelianism and can even be compared to some Eastern views like Taoism.
Epicurus founded his school in an Athenian garden in the generation after the death of Aristotle and it flourished throughout the Mediterranean for over years. Although the term could potentially be used to refer views that value the flourishing of humanity as a whole such as humanism and anthropocentrism , in practice it is nearly synonymous with individualism and philosophical egoism.
Aristotelianism is perhaps the prototypical form of eudaimonism since it provides a well-rounded account of human flourishing and its ethical centrality. By contrast, existentialism rejects happiness as a bourgeois fantasy, and even Stoicism and Epicureanism advocate not individual fulfillment but typically the lack of pain or emotional disturbance. Although existentialism was a form of individualism, it was also very much a kind of pessimism and opposed to any attempt at ethical naturalism since it held that there is no stable human nature and therefore that there are no common human values.
Some existentialists reveled in the unplanned, haphazard character of experience and therefore could be characterized as proponents of irrationalism or even nihilism.
Although there is a kinship between fallibilism and skepticism, the term fallibilism usually refers only to the doctrine in some forms of Christianity that human beings cannot know the mind of God. Although fascism was ostensibly opposed to communism because it allowed private property albeit under tight government control , it did not differ in essentials from other forms of collectivism in the 20th century in fact fascism was a form of national socialism, in contrast to the international socialism of communism.
Feminism is sometimes extended to assert that women are superior to men in ethics e. The philosophical importance and influence of Freudianism derives from its view of human nature, which emphasizes the importance of unconscious forces in determining the beliefs and actions of human beings. Although the term has connotations of sensualism and emotionalism, philosophical hedonists such as those in the tradition of Epicureanism advocate an enlightened hedonism that is often a kind of naturalism.
Hedonism is usually a kind of egoism or individualism. In metaphysics, Hegel advocated a kind of historically-minded absolute idealism, in which the universe would realize its spiritual potential through the development of human society.
In political theory, Hegel advocated an organic theory of the state positing that individuals are merely parts of the whole a form of collectivism often also attributed to Platonism. Hegel was probably the first philosopher to think of history as a dialectical process, which inspired the dialectical materialism of Marxism. Historically, henotheism was a transitional state between polytheism and monotheism. Other key concepts include right living, work, pleasure, and liberation as the four goals of human life, and action, wisdom, and devotion as disciplines yogas leading to personal liberation.
There have been numerous schools of thought within Hinduism, including forms of monism, dualism, polytheism, monotheism, pantheism, materialism, even atheism; with such a wide range of viewpoints represented, it is difficult to generate a single characterization of Hinduism as a philosophy. Create a free Team What is Teams? Learn more. Why do Christianity and Islam not end with "-ism"? Ask Question. Asked 2 years, 10 months ago. Active 2 years, 10 months ago. Viewed 2k times.
According to Wikipedia It means "taking side with" or "imitation of", and is often used to describe philosophies, theories, religions, social movements, artistic movements and behaviors.
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